| 1. Paolo Macchiarini is a Swiss thoracic surgeon and former regenerative medicine researcher, known for research misconduct and manipulative behavior. |
| 2. He was born to Italian parents. |
| 3. Accusations were made against him for unethically performing experimental surgeries, with seven out of eight patients who received his synthetic trachea transplants facing fatal outcomes. |
| 4. From 1990 to 1992, he was an assistant professor at the University of Pisa, Italy. |
| 5. Although the Hannover Medical School denies employing him, he led the department of thoracic and vascular surgery at Heidehaus Hannover Hospital from 1999 to 2004. |
| 6. In 2010, he joined University Hospital Careggi (AOUC) as a consultant and project manager, and became a visiting professor at Karolinska Institute (KI) in Stockholm, Sweden, as well as assuming a part-time surgical role at the affiliated university hospital. |
| 7. After conducting a master class in Russia in 2010 leading to a trachea transplant, he was appointed at Kuban State Medical University in 2011, supported by the university and the Russian government with an honorary doctorate. |
| 8. He was fired from the Karolinska Institute in March 2016 for ethical violations, including breach of fundamental values and scientific negligence. |
| 9. He was fired from his position in Russia in 2017 after his work there on artificial trachea transplants came under scrutiny. |
| 10. He was convicted of unethically performing experimental surgeries, with seven out of eight patients who received his synthetic trachea transplants facing fatal outcomes. |
| 11. Articles in Vanity Fair and Aftonbladet suggested he had falsified some academic credentials on résumés. |
